Grade 3 Science · Learning & practice

Why Puppies Look Like Their Parents

Puppies inherit traits from their parents — but they are not exact copies. Learn to tell inherited traits from learned ones and match puppies to their families.

Section 1 · Inherited traits

Puppies inherit traits from their parents

By the end of this section I can identify traits that are passed from parents to offspring — so I can explain why a puppy resembles its family.

Success criteria 0 / 4 ticked

Tick each one when you can do it without help.

1A What is an inherited trait?

An inherited trait is a characteristic passed from parents to offspring before birth. Puppies do not choose these traits or practise them — they arrive with them.

Examples of inherited traits in dogs

fur colour ear shape tail length body size spot pattern coat type

Notice these are all physical features. They come from the parents' instructions, not from anything the puppy does after it is born.

Reading a puppy's traits

A golden retriever puppy has golden fur and floppy ears.
→ Both traits are physical, present at birth.
So they are inherited passed down from the parents.

Interactive · match each puppy to its parent

Read each puppy's traits, then choose the parent that shares the same inherited traits. Click Check matches when you are ready.

Parents

Parent A — Sunny

golden furfloppy earslong fluffy tail

Parent B — Coco

brown furshort legslong body

Parent C — Dot

white fur with spotsperky earslong tail

Puppies — choose a parent for each

Puppy 1

golden furfloppy earslong fluffy tail

Puppy 2

white fur with spotsperky earslong tail

Puppy 3

brown furshort legslong body

Check yourself

A puppy is born with perky ears, just like its father. Is this an inherited trait or a learned behaviour? Type your answer.

Ask yourself: was the puppy born with this feature, or did it learn it after birth?
Perky ears are a physical feature present at birth, so they are inherited from the parent.

1B Variation — siblings are not identical

Puppies from the same parents often look different from one another. This is called variation. Each puppy gets a slightly different mix of instructions from its parents.

Same parents, different puppies

One puppy may inherit its mother's floppy ears and its father's spot pattern. Another puppy from the same litter might inherit perky ears and no spots at all. Both are inherited traits — the mix is what varies.

Check yourself

Two puppies from the same parents have different spot patterns. What is the word for these differences within a group?

It starts with "v" and means the differences you see among individuals of the same kind.
Differences in traits among individuals of the same kind of organism are called variation.

Section 2 · Environment & learning

Some traits are learned or changed by the environment

By the end of this section I can sort inherited traits from learned ones — so I can tell what a puppy is born with versus what it picks up from the world around it.

Success criteria 0 / 3 ticked

Tick each one when you can do it without help.

2A Inherited or learned?

Some things about a dog are inherited — passed down before birth. Other things are learned — picked up after birth through practise, teaching, or experience.

Sorting a single trait

"Knowing how to sit on command"
→ A puppy is not born knowing this; a person teaches it.
So it is learned gained after birth, not inherited.

Interactive · sort each trait as inherited or learned

Tap Inherited or Learned for each card, then click Check answers.

Curly fur coat ✓ correct✗ not yet
Responding to the name "Buddy" ✓ correct✗ not yet
Long floppy ears ✓ correct✗ not yet
Fetching a thrown ball ✓ correct✗ not yet
Black spots on white fur ✓ correct✗ not yet
Walking nicely on a lead ✓ correct✗ not yet

Check yourself

Which one of these is LEARNED: fur colour, ear shape, or fetching a ball?

Ask which one a puppy must be taught or practise — it is not born already able to do it.
Fur colour and ear shape are present at birth (inherited). Fetching a ball is taught and practised, so it is learned.

2B The environment can change a trait

The environment — everything around an organism — can change how a trait looks or behaves. But it does not change the inherited instructions themselves.

Environment examples

sunlight fades fur extra food → heavier body lots of running → stronger legs grooming → softer coat

A dalmatian's spots are inherited, but if its fur is sun-bleached the spots may look lighter. The instructions did not change — the environment changed the result.

Check yourself

A dog's fur becomes lighter after it spends a lot of time in bright sunlight. Was this change influenced by the environment? Type yes or no.

Think about what caused the change — was it something inside the puppy, or something around it?
The change was caused by sunlight, which is part of the dog's surroundings. So it was influenced by the environment.

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